Anti-lock braking system

An anti-lock braking system, or ABS is a safety system which prevents the wheels on a motor vehicle from locking up (or ceasing to rotate) while braking.

A rotating road wheel allows the driver to maintain steering control under heavy braking by preventing a skid and allowing the wheel to continue interacting tractively with the road surface as directed by driver steering inputs. ABS offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and especially slippery surfaces. However, on loose surfaces like gravel and snow-on-pavement, it can slightly increase braking distance while still improving vehicle control.[1] On others, it may not improve control at all.

Since initial widespread use in production cars, anti-lock braking systems have evolved considerably. Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but also electronically control the front-to-rear brake bias. This function, depending on its specific capabilities and implementation, is known as electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), traction control system, emergency brake assist, or electronic stability control.

Early Anti-lock Brake System

Anti-lock braking systems were first developed for aircraft use in 1929, by the French automobile and aircraft pioneer, Gabriel Voisin, asthreshold braking on airplanes is nearly impossible. An early system was Dunlop's Maxaret system, introduced in the 1950s and still in use on some aircraft models.[2] These systems used a flywheel and valve attached to the hydraulic line that fed the brake cylinders. The flywheel was attached to a drum that ran at the same speed as the wheel. In normal braking the drum and flywheel would spin at the same speed. If the wheel slowed suddenly the drum would do the same, leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate. This caused the valve to open, allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir, lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes. The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning. In testing, a 30% improvement in braking performance was noted, because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point. An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires.[3]

In 1958 a Royal Enfield Super Meteor motorcycle was used by the Road Research Laboratory to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake.[4] The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes could be of great value on motorcycles, where skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents. Stopping distances were reduced in almost all the tests compared with locked wheel braking, but particularly on slippery surfaces, where the improvement could be as much as 30 percent. Enfield's technical director at the time, Tony Wilson-Jones, saw little future in the system, however, and it was not put into production by the company.[4]

A fully mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the Ferguson P99 racing car, the Jensen FF and the experimental all wheel drive Ford Zodiac, but saw no further use; the system proved expensive and, in automobile use, somewhat unreliable.

Modern Anti-lock Brake System

Chrysler, together with the Bendix Corporation, introduced a true computerized three-channel, four sensor all-wheel antilock brake system called "Sure Brake" on the 1971 Imperial.[5] It was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. General Motors introduced the "Trackmaster" rear-wheel (only) ABS as an option on their Rear-wheel drive Cadillac models in 1971.[6][7] In 1971Nissan offered EAL(Electro Anti-lock System) as an option on the Nissan President, this became Japan's first electronic ABS(Anti-lock braking system).[8]

In 1975, Robert Bosch took over a European company called Teldix (contraction of Telefunken and Bendix) and all patents registered by this joint-venture and used this acquisition to build the base of the ABS system introduced on the market some years later. The German firmsBosch and Daimler-Benz had been co-developing anti-lock braking technology since the early 1970s, and introduced the first completely electronic 4-wheel multi-channel ABS system in trucks and the Mercedes-Benz S-Class in 1978.[citation needed]

The modern ABS system applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub mounted sensors and a dedicated micro-controller. ABS is offered, or comes standard, on most road vehicles produced today and is the foundation for ESC systems, which are also rapidly increasing in popularity due to the vast reduction in price of vehicle electronics over the years.

Anti-lock brake systems are designed to minimize and control wheel lock up during braking. Wheel lock, also known as wheel slippage, can have a dramatic affect on the control of the vehicle during braking. Wheels that are locked up, with the tires sliding across the road surface, cannot be controlled by the vehicle operator. The driver is just along for the ride until wheel slippage is reduced to a point where vehicle control is regained. Braking performance is also affected by wheel slippage. The effectiveness of the automotive braking system depends on the ability of the tires to grip the road surface. When the wheels are locked up during braking, the friction for braking is generated by the tires sliding on the pavement, not between the brake pads and the rotor surface. The heat generated during such an event is dissipated very poorly by the tires. The brake linings and the rotor or drum surfaces are much better suited to dissipate the heat generated by friction. Rolling tires with good road surface adhesion when coupled with an efficient brake system, will provide the best stopping performance for a vehicle. The ABS system is able to monitor the slippage of the individual wheels during stops and control the braking of any or all wheels that may lock up. The control module determines wheel slippage by monitoring wheel speed sensor information while braking. A wheel that is exhibiting noticeably slower speeds than the other wheels, would be considered locked up and be selected for brake lock up control. Wheel lock up control is accomplished by modulation of the brake pressure, to the affected wheel or wheels.

ABS CONTROL MODULE

The ABS control module is a microprocessor that is used to manage the operation of the ABS system. The ABS control module monitors and processes information from various sensors, modulates pressure to the brake system and carries out self-diagnostic tasks. Some of the inputs to the ABS module are the wheel speed sensors, brake switch, brake warning light, parking brake switch, pressure modulation devices and ignition and power feeds. The output controls consist of brake pressure modulation components and the anti-lock brake lamp. Most ABS control modules have the ability to run self diagnostic tasks and store trouble codes for failed diagnostics. The ABS control module can display this information to a scan tool or through flash codes, via the dash mounted anti-lock brake light, making troubleshooting and repair more accessible. Some ABS control modules store sensor information when a failed diagnostic is recorded. This can assist automotive technicians in diagnosing ABS trouble codes by displaying a record of sensor information at the time of the failed diagnostic.

WHEEL SPEED SENSORS

Wheel speed sensors are used by the ABS control module to monitor wheel lock up. Wheel speed sensors consist of a toothed wheel, mounted on the wheel hub or axle shaft, so as to rotate when the wheel is in motion. A magnetic sensor is placed at a fixed location, a calibrated distance from the toothed wheel. The air gap between the toothed wheel and the magnetic sensor is usually around .040 to .060 in (refer to your auto repair book for the exact spec). When the tooth wheel rotates past the magnet on the sensor, an AC voltage is produced. The AC voltage output of the wheel speed sensor increases as the wheel speed increases. The ABS control module monitors this voltage to calculate wheel speed for ABS operation. If the ABS control module senses lower voltage from one sensor during braking, it will translate that as slower speed at that wheel and modulate brake pressure to control brake lock up.

HYDRAULIC MODULATOR

Brake lock up control is accomplished by rapidly applying and releasing the brakes of the affected wheel. To achieve this, the ABS control module is able to modulate brake hydraulic pressure to individual wheels. Brake pressure modulation is attained through several different methods. Design of the pressure modulation system varies according to vehicle design. One type of brake pressure modulator system uses solenoid operated valves to control brake pressure to individual wheels. The solenoids and valve arrangements are able to increase, hold or release brake hydraulic pressure to the brake system of a wheel. This system incorporates a hydraulic fluid pump to return fluid to the master cylinder and an accumulator to store excess brake fluid. When ABS operation is demanded, the control module operates the solenoid valves to hold or release pressure to one or all of the wheels, to control wheel lock up. A more recent design (and simpler to troubleshoot) uses high speed electric motors to seat and unseat hydraulic valves to control brake pressure during ABS stops. The electric motors are able to cycle the pressure modulation valves many times per second, to control wheel lock up. This design is less expensive to produce, since it does not require a hydraulic pump and accumulator as opposed to earlier designs.

ABS WARNING LIGHT

The ABS warning light operation is managed by the ABS control module. It is located in or near the instrument cluster and is used to warn the vehicle operator of a malfunction in the ABS system. In the event of a failure in the ABS system, the ABS warning lamp is illuminated to warn the driver. Some systems will inhibit ABS operation when the ABS lamp is illuminated. Refer to a manufacturer's manual covering your particular year/make/model automobile for the diagnostic and troubleshooting details before embarking on an auto repair project involving the ABS system.

ENGINE

An engine (or motor) is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion.

Engines come in many types, a common type is a heat engine such as an internal combustion engine which typically burns a fuel with air and uses the hot gases for generating power. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate motion via a separate working fluid.

Terminology

Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion. Military devices such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams are referred to as siege engines. The term "gin" as in cotton gin is recognised as a short form of the Old French word engin, in turn from the Latin ingenium, related to ingenious. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as engines, and this is where thesteam engine gained its name.[citation needed]

In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine. In most cases the work is produced by exerting a torque or linear force, which is used to operate other machinery which can generate electricity,pump water, or compress gas. In the context of propulsion systems, an air-breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise thefuel carried rather than supplying an independent oxidizer, as in a rocket.

In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine (i.e., electric motor) that derives power without changing the composition of matter. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover, a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine.

The term motor was originally used to distinguish the new internal combustion engine-powered vehicles from earlier vehicles powered bysteam engines, such as the steam roller and motor roller, but may be used to refer to any engine.

History Of Engine

(1)  Antiquity :-

                                    Simple machines, such as the club and oar (examples of the lever), are prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill, and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements; this power was transmitted usually with the forces multiplied and the speed reduced. These were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, as well as in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be far more ancient. By the 1st century AD, various breeds of cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times.

According to Strabo, a water powered mill was built in Kaberia of the kingdom of Mithridates during the 1st century BC. Use of water wheelsin mills spread throughout the Roman Empire over the next few centuries. Some were quite complex, with aqueducts, dams, and sluices to maintain and channel the water, along with systems of gears, or toothed-wheels made of wood and metal to regulate the speed of rotation. In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water. Hero of Alexandria is credited with many suchwind and steam powered machines in the 1st century AD, including the Aeolipile, but it is not known if any of these were put to practical use.

(2)  Medieval :-

                                    During the Muslim Agricultural Revolution from the 9th to 13th centuries, Muslim engineers developed numerous innovative industrial uses ofhydropower, early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, and fossil fuels such as petroleum, together with the earliest large factorycomplexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, whereas horizontal-wheeledand vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were invented in the Islamic world, including fulling mills, hullers, steel mills, sugar refineries, and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from the Middle East and Central Asia to al-Andalus and North Africa.

Roman engineers invented water turbines in the 4th century AD, Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour to be mechanized and driven by machinery to some extent in the medieval Islamic world.

In 1206, al-Jazari employed a crank-connecting rod system for two of his water-raising machines. A similar steam turbine later appeared in Europe a century later, which eventually led to the steam engine and Industrial Revolution in 18th century Europe.

 (3)  Industrial revolution :-

                                                                   English inventor Sir Samuel Morland allegedly used gunpowder to drive water pumps in the 17th century. For more conventional, reciprocatinginternal combustion engines, the fundamental theory for two-stroke engines was established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824, whilst the American Samuel Morey received a patent on April 1, 1826. Sir Dugald Clark (1854–1932) designed the first two-stroke engine in 1878 and patented it in England in 1881. Automotive production has used a range of energy-conversion systems. These include electric, steam, solar,turbine, rotary, and piston-type internal combustion engines.

Karl Benz was one of the leaders in the development of new engines. In 1878 he began to work on new designs. He concentrated his efforts on creating a reliable gas two-stroke engine that was more powerful, based on Nikolaus Otto's design of the four-stroke engine. Karl Benz showed his real genius, however, through his successive inventions registered while designing what would become the production standard for his two-stroke engine. Benz was granted a patent for it in 1879.

The lightweight petrol internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for automobiles, while the more efficient diesel engine is used for trucks and buses.

(4) Horizontally opposed pistons :-

                                                                                                      In 1896, Karl Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first engine with horizontally opposed pistons. Many BMW motorcycles use this engine type. His design created an engine in which the corresponding pistons move in horizontal cylinders and reach top dead center simultaneously, thus automatically balancing each other with respect to their individual momentums. Engines of this design are often referred to as flat engines because of their shape and lower profile. They must have an even number of cylinders and six, four or two cylinder flat engines have all been common. The most well-known engine of this type is probably the Volkswagen Beetle engine. Engines of this type continue to be a common design principle for high performance aero engines (for propellor driven aircraft) and, engines used by automobile producers such as Porsche and Subaru.

(5) Advancement :-

                                                        Continuance of the use of the internal combustion engine for automobiles is partly due to the improvement of engine control systems (onboard computers providing engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection). Forced air induction by turbocharging and supercharging have increased power outputs and engine efficiencies. Similar changes have been applied to smaller diesel engines giving them almost the same power characteristics as petrol engines. This is especially evident with the popularity of smaller diesel engine propelled cars in Europe. Larger diesel engines are still often used in trucks and heavy machinery. They do not burn as clean as gasoline engines, however they have far more torque. The internal combustion engine was originally selected for the automobile due to its flexibility over a wide range of speeds. Also, the power developed for a given weight engine was reasonable; it could be produced by economical mass-production methods; and it used a readily available, moderately priced fuel - petrol.

(6) Increasing power :-

                                                                   The first half of the twentieth century saw a trend to increasing engine power, particularly in the American models. Design changes incorporated all known methods of raising engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the speed at which power is generated. The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements.

(7) Combustion efficiency :-

                                                                                 The design principles favoured in Europe, because of economic and other restraints such as smaller and twistier roads, leant toward smaller cars and corresponding to the design principles that concentrated on increasing the combustion efficiency of smaller engines. This produced more economical engines with earlier four-cylinder designs rated at 40 horsepower (30 kW) and six-cylinder designs rated as low as 80 horsepower (60 kW), compared with the large volume V-8 American engines with power ratings in the range from 250 to 350 hp (190 to 260 kW).[citation needed]

(8) Engine configuration :-

                                                                              Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines than is in common use today. Engines have ranged from 1 to 16 cylinder designs with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, piston displacement, and cylinder bores. Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) were followed in a majority of the models. Several three-cylinder, two-stroke-cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in-line cylinders. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. The smaller engines were commonly air-cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression ratios were relatively low. The 1970s and '80s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy which brought in a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency. The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 operates with a W16 engine meaning that two V8 cylinder layouts are positioned next to each other to create the W shape.

The largest internal combustion engine ever built is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C, a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke turbocharged diesel engine that was designed to power the Emma Maersk, the largest container ship in the world. This engine weighs 2300 tons, and when running at 102 RPM produces 109,000 bhp (80,080 kW) consuming some 13.7 tons of fuel each hour.

Toyota corolla history

Toyota corolla

he Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact/compact cars manufactured by the Japaneseautomaker Toyota, which has become very popular throughout the world since the nameplate was first introduced in 1966. In 1997, the Corolla became the best selling nameplate in the world, with over 35 million sold as of 2007. Over the past 40 years, one Corolla car has been sold on average every 40 seconds. The series has undergone several major redesigns.

The name Corolla is part of Toyota's naming tradition of using the name Crown for primary models: the Corona, for example, gets its name from the Latin for crown; Corolla is Latin for small crown; and Camry is an Anglicized pronunciation of the Japanese for crown,kanmuri.

Corollas are manufactured in Japan and in Brazil (Indaiatuba, São Paulo), Canada(Cambridge, Ontario), China (Tianjin), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines,South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom (Derbyshire) and Venezuela. Production has previously been made in Australia (Victoria). Production in the United States (Fremont, California) ended in March 2010.

The Corolla's chassis designation code is "E", as described in Toyota's chassis and engine codes.

1st Generation Corollas

KE10, KE11, KE15, KE16, KE17, KE18

Japan's growing middle class thought the Publica (Toyota's entry level car in the early 1960's) was too boring while the Crown and Corona were too expensive for them. At this time, a Toyota engineer called Tatsuo Hasegawa had noticed that the Opel Kadett was doing very well in Germany. The Kadett was a very light car that looked good, was fun to drive and was replacing the VW beetle as the car to have in Germany. Hasegawa designed the Corolla around the same ideas as the Kadett. It was sized between the Publica (700cc) and Corona (1500cc), looked classy, had modest power, yet was economical and inexpensive.

Management originally wanted to use an existing 1000cc engine but it was heavy and low powered. Management only let them design a new engine as long as they could find a use for the old engine in another product - so they put it in a truck. The Nissan Sunny (also called the Datsun 1000) was to be released a few months earlier than the Corolla with a new1000cc A10 engine, so Toyota ordered the engineers to increase the engine by 100cc. This was hard to do so late in the design scedule but it was done. It also raised the Corolla into the next tax class but this gave it more prestige with Japan's growing middle class. It was advertised as "the 100cc advantage" and "the extra 100cc gives extra comfort".

At the time, Japanese owners prefered a 3 speed column shift - more gears meant more gear changing (a sign of a weak engine) and floor shifts were for trucks. But America was going to 4 speed floor shifts, so Toyota decided to go with the new trend before other Japanese companies did.

The new factory was built with the latest automated and computerised facilities. Lower production costs reduced its selling price to Y432,000 - 5% lower than the Sunny (Datsun 1000). Combined with disc brakes, 4 speed floor shift and MacPherson suspension, it outsold the Sunny by 35%.

The Corolla was sold under 2 names - "Corolla" and "Sprinter". The Corolla was offered as a 4 door sedan, a 2 door sedan and a 2 door van but not as a fastback coupe. The Sprinter (never called a Corolla but sharing most parts) was offered only as a fastback coupe.

Corolla's first export destination was Australia in November 1966.

By March 1968 more than 3000 cars were being exported to many countries every month. In April 1968 the Corolla was introduced to America. Its selling price of US$1800 catapulted total US sales to 71,000 that year, 130,000 in 1969 and 208,000 in 1970.

10 Series 1100cc Sedan - 1966
(1966 Corolla 2DR Sedan KE10)	Name: Corolla Engine: 1K Chassis Code: KE10 Style: 2DR/4DR Sedan Production Start Date: Nov. 1966 Production End Date: Aug. 1969 Market:

11 Series 1200cc Sedan - 1969
(1969 Corolla 2DR Sedan KE11)	Name: Corolla Engine: 3K Chassis Code: KE11 Style: 2DR/4DR Sedan Production Start Date: Sep. 1969 Production End Date: Apr. 1970 Market:

15 Series 1100cc Sprinter Coupe - 1968
(1966 Sprinter Coupe KE15)	Name: Sprinter Engine: 1K Chassis Code: KE15 Style: Coupe Production Start Date: Mar. 1968 Production End Date: Aug. 1969 Market:

16 Series 1100cc Wagon, Delivery Van - 1967
(1969 Corolla Wagon KE16)	Name: Corolla Engine: 1K Chassis Code: KE16 Style: 2DR/Wagon Production Start Date: May. 1967 Production End Date: Aug. 1969 Market:

17 Series 1200cc Sprinter Coupe - 1969
(1970 Sprinter Coupe KE17)	Name: Sprinter Engine: 3K Chassis Code: KE17 Style: Coupe Production Start Date: Sep. 1969 Production End Date: Apr. 1970 Market:

18 Series 1200cc Wagon, Delivery Van - 1969
(1969 Corolla Wagon KE18)	Name: Corolla Engine: 3K Chassis Code: KE18 Style: 2DR Wagon Production Start Date: Sep. 1969 Production End Date: Apr. 1970 Market:

19

Second generation (E20)

In May 1970, the E20 was restyled with a more rounded body and the 1400 cc T and 1600 cc 2TOHV engines were added to the range. The now mutually exclusive Corolla and Sprinter names were used to differentiate between two slightly different treatments of sheet metal and trim. The Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno names were introduced as the twincam version of the Corolla and Sprinter respectively.

While the original Corolla was a very good, solid and reliable car, many considered it a little too small and underpowered for Australian roads.

Toyota quickly recognised the need to make the Corolla larger and endow it with more power. Thus the second generation Corolla arrived in 1970, with its wheelbase stretched to 91.9 inches and power coming from a new 1.2 litre version of the OHV four making 73 horsepower.

The strut front and leaf spring rear suspension carried forward. Slight though the nearly two-inch wheelbase stretch may seem, and with minimal styling changes, the 1970 Corolla was a significantly more comfortable and confident machine than the '69 version.

Importantly, the car was finding favour from young women, and so Toyota introduced a new 3 speed automatic transmission to help widen its appeal. While the Corolla could never expect to usurp to Kingswood and Falcon mad Australian public, in global terms the Corolla became the second best selling car!

In 1971 the engine capacity was increased to 1.6 litres and output expanded to 102 horsepower. The grille was redesigned for the 1972 model year, becoming fussier while giving little aesthetic advantage - although it was an attempt by the designers to give the car a classier more up-market look.

There were few changes for either 1973 or 1974 other than larger bumpers to accommodate US federal regulations and the introduction of sporty SR5 models with five-speed manual transmissions.

Third generation 

(E30, E40, E50, E60)

Main article: Toyota Corolla (E30)

April 1974 brought rounder, bigger and heavier Corollas and Sprinters. The range was rounded out with the addition of a 2 door liftback. The Corollas were given E30 codes while the Sprinters were given E40 codes. A facelift in March 1976 saw most Corolla E30 models replaced by equivalent E50 models and most Sprinter E40 models were replaced by equivalent E60 models.

Fourth generation (E70)

A major restyle in March 1979 brought a square edged design. The Corollas had a simpler treatment of the grill, head lights and tail lights while the Sprinter used a slightly more complex, sculptured treatment. The new A series engines were added to the range as a running change. This was the last model to use the K "hicam" and T series engines.

Fifth generation (E80)

A sloping front bonnet and a contemporary sharp-edged, no-frills style was brought in during May 1983. The new 1839 cc 1C diesel engine was added to the range with the E80 Series. From 1985, re-badged E80 Corollas were sold in the U.S. as the fifth generation Chevrolet Nova.

Most models now used the front wheel drive layout except the AE85 and AE86, which were to be the last Corollas offered in the rear wheel drive or FR layout. The AE85 and AE86 chassis codes were also used for the Sprinter (including the Sprinter Trueno). The Sprinter was nearly identical to the Corolla, differing only by minor body styling changes such as pop-up headlights.

Sixth generation (E90)

A somewhat more rounded and aerodynamic style was used for the E90 introduced in May 1987. Overall this generation has a more refined feel than older Corollas and other older subcompacts. Most models were now front wheel drive, along with a few 4WD All-Trac models. Many engines were used on a wide array of trim levels and models, ranging from the 1.3 liter 2E to the 165 horsepower (123 kW) supercharged 4A-GZE. The E90 Corolla was also rebadged and sold as the Geo Prizm (US) or Holden Nova (Australia).

Seventh generation (E100)

In June 1991 Corollas received a redesign to be larger, heavier, and have the completely rounded, aerodynamic shape of the 1990s. The Corolla was now in the compact class, rather than subcompact, and the coupe still available known as Corolla Levin AE101. Refinement reached new levels, as development chief Dr. Akihiko Saito strove to create a "mini-Lexus"[citation needed].

Eighth generation (E110)

May 1995 saw a complete redesign for the Corolla. External differences from the E100 series were obvious. Evolutionary technological improvements continued, however, and in 1998, for the first time, some non-Japanese Corollas received the new 1ZZ-FE engine. The new engine was the first in a Toyota to have an aluminum engine block and aluminum cylinder heads, which made this generation lighter than the E100 Corolla. The model range began to change as Toyota decided styling differences would improve sales in different markets. In North America, the E110 had front and rear styling unique to its home country, while Europe and Australasia received versions of their own as well.

Ninth generation (E120, E130)

In November 2000 the ninth generation Corolla was introduced in Japan, with edgier styling and more technology to bring the nameplate into the 21st century. It is also called the Corolla Altis in the ASEAN region. The station wagon model is called the (Japanese: Corolla Fielder) in Japan.

Tenth generation (E140, E150)

The tenth generation of the Corolla was introduced in October 2006. Japanese markets called it the Corolla Axio, with the ASEAN markets retaining the Altis branding. The station wagon retains the Corolla Fielder name. The Corolla Altis and Corolla Axio have a different appearance.